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Florence (Italian: Firenze) is the capital city of the region of Tuscany, Italy. From 1865 to 1870 the city was also the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Florence lies on the Arno River and has a population of around 400,000 people, plus a suburban population in excess of 200,000 persons. The greater area has some 956,000 people. A center of medieval European trade and finance, the city is often considered the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and was long ruled by the Medici family. Florence is also famous for its fine art and architecture. It is said that, of the 1,000 most important European artists of the second millennium, 350 lived or worked in Florence.

Greater Florence now spreads several kilometres down the Arno Valley and onto the hills north and south of the city, but the major sights are contained in an area that can be crossed on foot in under thirty minutes.

A short walk southeast from the train station brings you to Piazza del Duomo , site of the Duomo itself and the neighbouring Baptistry . The compact district from here south to the river is the inner core, the area into which most of the tourists are packed, and which boasts the best-preserved medieval parts of Florence and the majority of its fashionable streets. Just south of the duomo is Florence's outstanding sculpture gallery, the Bargello . The large Piazza della Signoria , some 300m south of the duomo, is overlooked by the Palazzo Vecchio and the famous picture gallery of the Uffizi .

West of the duomo, and backing onto the train station, is the unmissable church of Santa Maria Novella . Immediately north of the duomo is the grand church of San Lorenzo , at the heart of a throng of market stalls around the covered Mercato Centrale . Clustered together just northeast of San Lorenzo are the monastery of San Marco , with its paintings by Fra' Angelico; the Accademia , home of Michelangelo's David ; and Piazza Santissima Annunziata , Florence's most attractive square. The main attraction in the eastern quarters of the city centre is the vast Franciscan church of Santa Croce .

South of the river - preferably via the medieval Ponte Vecchio , which is still picturesquely lined with shops perched over the water - lies the Oltrarno district, where the array of museums within the Palazzo Pitti exerts the strongest pull, and the church of Santo Spirito stands at the focus of a lively student quarter. Overlooking the city from the south is the lavish hilltop church of San Miniato al Monte .

The fact is, the best of Florence is to be seen indoors. Under the patronage of the Medici family, the city's artists and thinkers were instigators of the shift from the medieval to the modern world-view, and churches, galleries and museums are the places to get to grips with their achievement. The development of the Renaissance can be plotted in the vast picture collection of the Uffizi and in the sculpture of the Bargello and the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo . Equally revelatory are the fabulously decorated chapels of Santa Croce and Santa Maria Novella , forerunners of such astonishing creations as Masaccio's superb frescoes in the Cappella Brancacci , and Fra' Angelico's serene paintings in the monks' cells at San Marco . The Renaissance emphasis on harmony and rational design is expressed with unrivalled eloquence in Brunelleschi's architecture, specifically in the churches of San Lorenzo, Santo Spirito and the Cappella dei Pazzi . The full genius of Michelangelo, the dominant creative figure of sixteenth-century Italy, is on display in the fluid design of San Lorenzo's Biblioteca Laurenziana and the marble statuary of the Cappelle Medicee and the Accademia - home of the David . Every quarter of Florence can boast a church or collection worth an extended call, and the enormous Palazzo Pitti south of the river constitutes a museum district on its own.

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